Semantics - Definitions and Examples

Semantics s The field of linguistics  is concerned with the study of meaning in language. Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings. Oddly, says R.L. Trask, some of the most important work in semantics was being done from the late 19th century onwards by philosophers [rather than by linguists]. Over the past 50 years, however, approaches to semantics have proliferated, and the subject is now one of the liveliest areas in linguistics.  The term semantics (from the Greek for sign) was coined by French linguist Michel Brà ©al (1832-1915), who is commonly regarded as a founder of modern semantics. Observations The technical term for the study of meaning in language is semantics. But as soon as this term is used, a word of warning is in order.Any scientific approach to semantics has to be clearly distinguished from a pejorative sense of the term that has developed in popular use, when people talk about the way that language can be manipulated in order to mislead the public. A newspaper headline might read. Tax increases reduced to semanticsreferring to the way a government was trying to hide a proposed increase behind some carefully chosen words. Or someone might say in an argument, Thats just semantics, implying that the point is purely a verbal quibble, bearing no relationship to anything in the real world. This kind of nuance is absent when we talk about semantics from the objective point of linguistic research. The linguistic approach studies the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.(David Crys tal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) Basic DivisionsBased on the distinction between the meanings of words and the meanings of sentences, we can recognize two main divisions in the study of semantics: lexical semantics and phrasal semantics. Lexical semantics is the study of word meaning, whereas phrasal semantics is the study of the principles which govern the construction of the meaning of phrases and of sentence meaning out of compositional combinations of individual lexemes. . . .The job of semantics is to study the basic, literal meanings of words as considered principally as parts of a language system, whereas pragmatics concentrates on the ways in which these basic meanings are used in practice, including such topics as the ways in which different expressions are assigned referents in different contexts, and the differing (ironic, metaphorical, etc.) uses to which language is put.(Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2010)The Scope of SemanticsA perennial problem in semantics is the del ineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature.(Stephen G. Pulman, Basic Notions of Semantics. SRI International, Cambridge, England)[S]emantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences. . . .As our original definition of semantics suggests, it is a very broad field of inquiry, and we find scholars writing on very different topics and using quite different methods, though sharing the general aim of describing semantic knowledge. As a result, semantics is the most diverse field within linguistics. In addition, semanticists have to have at least a nodding acquaintance with other disciplines, like philosophy and psychology, which also investigate the creation and transmission of meaning. Some of the questions raised in these neighboring disciplines have important effects on the way linguists do semantics.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2003) Linguistic Semantics and GrammarThe study of meaning can be undertaken in various ways. Linguistic semantics is an attempt to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to him or her. . . . Early in life every human acquires the essentials of a languagea vocabulary and the pronunciation, use and meaning of each item in it. The speakers knowledge is largely implicit. The linguist attempts to construct a grammar, an explicit description of the language, the categories of the language and the rules by which they interact. Semantics is one part of grammar; phonology, syntax and morphology are other parts.(Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics. Routledge, 1998)

Social Media Insights How to Drill Into Data to Find Actionable Ideas

Social Media Insights How to Drill Into Data to Find Actionable Ideas Having the right data is important for social media success. However, even the best data in the world is useless if you dont know what it all means. In order to unlock the power of your analytics, you need to know how to extract useful social media insights from them. In this post, you’ll learn how to: How to interpret the data you’ve found and get actual meaning from it. How to explain the numbers and more to a client or team. How to update your social media tactics based on the insights you’ve found. By the time youre done, youll know how to better analyze the performance of your social media content, and understand how to create more of what works. What Are Social Media Insights (And Why Do They Matter)? The term social media insights can mean different things to different people. For our purposes, though, well define social media insights as the actionable takeaways you produce from analyzing your social media data. In this post, well walk through a retroactive process thatll allow you to analyze past content, figure out what made it successful (or not), and better understand what to do (or not do) in the future. Get it right, and youll be able to fine-tune your copy and imagery to best connect with your audience. How to Drill Into Data To Extract Powerful Social Media InsightsBefore You Continue, Download Your Social Media Insight Analysis Template Before you can extract insights from your social media marketing data, it helps to have somewhere to record it all. Thats exactly what you can do with this free template, making it easier to narrow down what, exactly, led each post to perform as well (or maybe even not so well). Start By Finding Your Top-Performing Posts The first part of determining insights into your social media channels involves determining your top posts. Top posts can be found in a number of different ways but it all depends on what the overarching goals of your channels are. For example, if your goal was to drive engagements, you’d be looking for the posts with the most likes, shares, and comments. However, if you’re looking for posts with the most clicks to your website, you’d be tracking link clicks via each social channel’s in-app analytics or an external tool like Google Analytics. Facebook To find the analytics data for your top Facebook posts, go to your business page and select Insights: From there, go to Posts: In your Posts section, scroll down to All Posts Published, and there you’ll be able to see the different metrics for each one of your posts: Twitter To find analytics data for your top Twitter posts, go to your account, click on your profile picture and in the drop-down menu select Analytics: Then in the menu bar, select Tweets: That screen will show you all of the engagement data, and impressions that your tweets have generated for the past 28 days, as well as allowing you to see the top tweets you’ve sent in that time period: Instagram To find the analytics for your Instagram post, click the bar graph in the top right-hand corner of your Instagram profile. Note that you won’t see that bar graph unless you have an Instagram business profile: Once you’re in the Analytics section, scroll down to Posts, and then click on See More: The analytics for your Instagram profile is a bit different because you need to click on each individual post to see its engagement metrics: Pinterest To find the analytics for your Pinterest pins, you’re once again going to need a Pinterest business account. Once that is set, go to the upper left-hand corner and select Analytics.  Then select Your Pinterest Profile: The nice thing about Pinterest is that your top pins are all located in one place. Just scroll down your screen to see them all: LinkedIn LinkedIn is a lot like Pinterest, in the fact that your top post analytics are all located in one place. Go to your page and click on Manage Page: From manage page, select Analytics. In your analytics page, the first thing that surfaces is the Updates section. All of your post data is located there, including: Impressions Clicks Interactions Engagement rate To see a more detailed view, click on the post update: Google+ Finding data for your Google+ posts is possible. It just might not be obvious where you need to look (at first, at least). If you’re working with a Google+ profile, check out this detailed article from SteadyDemand, which will walk you through the process of gathering the data you need. Bonus Tip: Track Social Metrics Automatically In As a heads up, makes gathering social media data easy! With built-in Social Analytics, you can plan, publish, and measure every post in one place. Here's how it works:With Social Engagement Reports, you’ll be able to see your engagement data in one place! And we’ll categorize all your top posts for you. Recommended Reading: Know the Success Of Your Social Engagement With the Newest Analytics Report In Your *Favorite* Marketing Calendar Develop Your Post Analysis Process Once you've gathered your data and found the top posts you'll analyze, you'll need a repeatable process for uncovering social media insights. This essentially means knowing which questions to ask to figure out what caused content to perform as well as it did. Try following this graphic below: By asking each of these questions as you analyze each post, you'll start to identify patterns impacting post performance. You'll be able to record a lot of this data in the downloadable template included in this post (which we'll cover in more detail in a little bit). How  Does Voice and Tone Impact Social Media Post Performance? What you say and how you say it on social media is essential for ensuring your posts convey your messages the way you want them to be felt. So, how exactly does your choice of verbiage and emotional sentiment impact audience engagement, and how can you determine its effect on post performance? Recommended Reading: The Best Social Media Copywriting Guide to Be a Social Media Word Ninja Does Your Post Have a Positive or Negative Sentiment? Are you trying to lift up your followers or inform them of some bad news? The sentiment your message sends can affect the interactions you receive from your audience. Being able to track what types of tones they are responding to is a great way to determine what types of posts you should be sending. Here is an example of a post with a positive tone: https://twitter.com//status/877549014153138178 And here's an example that elicits more negative emotions: When #SEO and #Content go to couples therapy, things get a little ugly. Not all marriages are perfect. https://t.co/iuFNYhGrGp pic.twitter.com/xYEt9OPeIs Conductor (@Conductor) June 27, 2017   Are You Post Questions Open Or Closed Ended? Are you encouraging discussion with your social media messages or closing them off and creating a more informational style post? Often times you’ll see more engagement with open-ended questions  because it gives your audience a chance to respond back to you, instead of just acknowledging they saw the message. Here is an example of an open-ended social media post: Are you ready to run? We want to know who is participating in the Fargo Marathon this week? What events are you doing?... Posted by Hilton Garden Inn Fargo on  Wednesday, May 17, 2017 Here is an example of a more closed ended social media post: For your chance to win a FREE night stay, head over to our sister property's page and check them out! #teamRaymond #freenightstay #nationalpetday Posted by Hilton Garden Inn Fargo on  Tuesday, April 11, 2017 How Long Is Your Post Copy? Depending on the social channel you’re working with, the length of your post could affect the interaction your audience has with it. The optimal length post  will vary per channel (and could even vary by industry, or even your specific business and audience), but here is a whole list  to help you get started. Recommended Reading: How to Write for Social Media to Create the Best Posts Did Your Post Incorporate Hashtags? Hashtags can have a powerful impact on how far your posts reach. If you use hashtags on networks that don't support them well, though, they could actually negatively impact your post performance. For some networks to connect to followers, you need to have a lot of hashtags, while for other networks having any hashtags can actually cause a decrease in content views. For example, Facebook should be a hashtag free zone. Why? According to Crazy Egg, hashtags are meant to help users search out information on a subject. Facebook users control that already because they are choosing who and want they want to see in their newsfeeds. Instagram on the other hand, should be full of hashtags. Why? Because according to that same Crazy Egg post, to find and interact with content, you want to see you have to search for it. Hashtags make your content searchable. Should You Be Using Emojis? No one can say that emojis aren’t fun. These tiny little pictures are changing the way we communicate, one keyboard at a time. What channel you should be using emojis on is difficult to determine, as they can sometimes come across as unprofessional. Not to mention emojis, and their meanings are not always as black and white as they may seem. Social Media Today broke down when to use emojis and what they mean on  their blog. An example of a hashtag style emoji. there arent enough words of gratitude i can offer that even begin to explain what this world did for me #HarryPotter20 pic.twitter.com/mTXOcCBwBb Meghan Rienks (@MeghanRienks) June 26, 2017 An example of a standard use case for emojis.Into the fog ☠Ã¯ ¸ Ã°Å¸Å¡â€"☠Ã¯ ¸  A post shared by Jeff Sheldon (@ugmonk) on Jun 26, 2017 at 6:58am PDT Are You Creating Broadcast Or Discussion Posts? The final element we'll focus on are broadcast posts versus  discussion posts. Broadcast posts are posts that are designed to promote your brand or business. They usually sound more like ads and focus mainly on what you can do for your followers. As Rich Mcelaney put it in this blog post for BrassCycle: â€Å"Imagine having a conversation with someone (and we all know people like this) where you ask, â€Å"How are you?† and they launch into an in-depth explanation of every moment of their life since you last saw them. They don't take a breath. If you try to interject with a story of your own, you can see them simply waiting until you stop talking so they can continue.† Discussion posts are  specifically developed to create conversations with your followers. They create conversations that allow your followers to interject and control more of the conversation, which creates a more trustworthy atmosphere. A broadcast post will look something like this. â€Å"Without a song or a dance what are we†, think about it! Or just come to theREP to see Mamma Mia, Performances start Friday, July 7 and goes until Sunday, August 13. Get your tickets today: http://bit.ly/2qMQx4 Posted by Capital Repertory Theatre on  Monday, June 26, 2017 While a discussion post will look more like this. Introducing a new Twitter emoji celebrating the 20th anniversary of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone! #HarryPotter20 pic.twitter.com/9fNo1R9E5J Pottermore (@pottermore) June 26, 2017 Are You Posting At The Right Time? The next section of metrics that you can focus on involves time. What time your posts go out determines how many people in your audience will see it. Obviously, there are times that certain social channels are more active. Those prime times can be found in this blog post, that has been backed by over 16 studies. It’s also important to post your social media messages on the right day. By posting at optimum days and times you’re able to maximize the views that your messages will receive. The more eyeballs you have on a post, the more likely you are to create the engagement and or link clicks you need. Recommended Reading: What 20 Studies Say About the Best Times to Post on Social Media Are Images And Video Adding Engagement To Your Social Media Messages? The next set of attributes that you’re going to want to record focuses on the different types of media that you’ll have for your posts. Visuals like videos and images are becoming a major key to successful social media posts  which was outlined by Hubspot earlier this year. Image and Video Colors The psychology of color plays a much more important role than you might think. Saying things like â€Å"red makes people angry† or â€Å"blue creates feelings of calm† are not necessarily accurate because everyone’s personal experiences are different, therefore colors will evoke different emotions in all people. However, according to SnapHelp, 90% of instant decisions  are made on color. They say that audiences are more susceptible to color based on how they think it fits a product. So the colors you choose for your social media channels can have an effect on your audience because they are looking to see if your color scheme fits your brand. For example, we’re used to seeing bright, electric colors in Disney photos and images because the park is always alive and going. People are never sad at Disney world and their color scheme fits that brand perception. Memorable Dining Experiences | Walt Disney World From holding court with royalty to good old-fashioned family gatherings, a Grand Adventure to Walt Disney World serves up memorable dining experiences for both you and your grandkids! Learn more - http://di.sn/61818l3UT Posted by Walt Disney World on Thursday, June 8, 2017 Recommended Reading: The Know-It-All Guide to Color Psychology In Marketing + The Best Hex Chart Video Subtitles This next metric focuses on video alone. With more and more videos starting automatically as people scroll through social media, a lot of people are opting to have their sound off. But if you audience member can’t hear what your video says you’re suddenly missing out on a potential customer. This is where subtitles are coming into play. According to Media Cause, about 82% of social media video views are watched without sound,  making subtitles vital. Take Tasty  for example. I’m willing to bet you’ve seen one of their recipe videos at least once. The unique thing about those videos and one of the reasons they’re so successful is because they have captions that walk you through the whole recipe. You don’t have to turn the sound on to get the message. Fidget Spinner Cookies Feeling stressed? Make these fidget spinner cookies so you can spin AND eat the stress away 😉! FULL RECIPE: http://bzfd.it/2s4juqZ Posted by Tasty on Tuesday, June 13, 2017 Video Length The second metric that is focused solely on video is the length of your videos. Channels are optimized for certain video and lengths and some will even limit how long videos can be. For example, videos on Instagram need to be under a minute. Not to mention, videos are now being viewed more often on mobile devices and according to social media today, you have less than two seconds  to grab the attention of your viewer. So the number of interactions you have per video can be traced back to how long your video is. Recommended Reading: How to Do Facebook Video Marketing the Right Way How to Get Started With Twitter Video Marketing How to Make a Video Content Marketing Strategy That Will Engage Your Audience Measure Interactions With Your Audience The final metric that you’re going to be recording on your template are interactions with your audience on your posts. Giving your audience a real response from your social team makes them feel valued because they know you saw their comments. You’re showing them that their voice matters to you. That’s why I tweet a Diet Coke all the time; they respond to me and make me feel special. And who doesn’t like being special? Recommended Reading: 30 Social Media Engagement Tactics That Will Boost Shares And Conversions You’ve Collected The Data, Now You Need A Place To Record It And Your Insights. The Social Media Insights Document that you downloaded earlier will help create the report that you can show to your bosses or your clients. Open your social media insights report and each of your social media channels: In the process that we demonstrated earlier, find your top post and take a screenshot to insert into your report: From there record the likes, comments, shares (if applicable), reach and engagement that your post received: Then you can record the language  insights we touched on earlier including, tone, post length, the number of hashtags, and emoji use: The last section of numerical data that you’re going to record in your post is on times your post went out and media types that you used: The final part of your chart is a summary section. This is the space where you’ll be able to layout in two to three sentences what all that numerical data means to you clients or bosses. For example, in this post, we can conclude that because the post when out at 11 am on a Monday and had a personal note in its tone, it caused people to click on the link at least 16 times: You’re going to repeat the same process for top three posts on every channel as well as the lowest engagement post. The reason you should include your lowest performing post is that you don’t want to make your boss or client think that everything is perfect. By showing the posts that need some work you’re able to determine what needs improvement and continue to grow your strategy. Recommended Reading: How to Create a Social Media Strategy (With 3 Steps And a Template) Let’s Wrap This Up With all the knowledge you have now, you’ll be able to take the numerical data you’ve gathered and make it digestible for your clients and your boss. Not to mention you’ll learn how to adjust your social media strategy based on the conclusions you reach.